བོད་

Superfixes

ra (superfix) ()

Pronunciation by Dialect

Ü-Tsang(Central Tibet (Lhasa, Shigatse))

ra (superfix) //

Superfix ར pronunciation in Ü-Tsang

Kham(Eastern Tibet (Chamdo, Garze, Dêqên))

ra (superfix) //

Superfix ར pronunciation in Kham

Amdo(Amdo region (Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan))

ra (superfix) //

ར上加字在安多音中读作r-前置辅音,清晰可闻

About this Character

English

## Superfix ར (Ra) — Detailed Guide ### What is a Superfix? In Tibetan spelling, a **superfix (མགོ་ཅན།)** is a letter placed **directly above** the root letter. It forms a consonant cluster with the root — not a standalone syllable. ### Step-by-Step Formation **Step 1: Choose root letter.** ར can only go above these 11 roots: > ཀ, ག, ང, ཇ, ཉ, ཏ, ད, ན, བ, མ, ཙ, ཛ **Step 2: Writing order.** Write the root letter first → then place ར above it, centered and slightly smaller. The whole cluster is one syllable. **Step 3: Adding vowels.** Vowel signs go on top of the ར superfix, NOT on the root. e.g. རྐ + ◌ི → རྐི (rki). **Step 4: Pronunciation.** - Amdo: ར is pronounced as a clear **r-** prefix. Ex: རྟ → **rta** (horse) - Ü-Tsang: ར is usually **silent** but makes the root high tone. Ex: རྟ → **tá** (horse, high tone) - Kham: Mixed — sometimes a light, short r- ### All 11 Combinations with Examples | Cluster | Amdo | Word | Meaning | |---------|------|------|---------| | རྐ | rka | རྐང་པ། | Foot / Leg | | རྒ | rga | རྒྱ། | Vast / China | | རྔ | rnga | རྔ་མ། | Tail | | རྗ | rja | རྗེ། | Lord / Master | | རྙ | rnya | རྙིང་པ། | Old | | རྟ | rta | རྟ། | Horse | | རྡ | rda | རྡོ། | Stone | | རྣ | rna | རྣམ་པ། | Form / Appearance | | རྦ | rba | རྦ། | Wave | | རྨ | rma | རྨ་ཁ། | Wound | | རྩ | rtsa | རྩྭ། | Grass | | རྫ | rdza | རྫོང་། | Fortress / Dzong | ### Common Mistakes - ❌ Writing ར BELOW the root → that's a subfix, totally different - ❌ Placing vowel sign on the root letter → should go on top of ར

中文

## 上加字 ར — 详细解析 ### 什么是上加字? 藏文拼写中,**上加字(མགོ་ཅན།)** 是放在**基字正上方**的字母。它不是独立的字,而是和下方基字组合成一个整体的辅音丛。 ### ར 上加字的形成过程 **第一步:选基字。** ར 只能加在以下 11 个基字上方: > ཀ(ka)、ག(ga)、ང(nga)、ཇ(ja)、ཉ(nya)、ཏ(ta)、ད(da)、ན(na)、བ(ba)、མ(ma)、ཙ(tsa)、ཛ(dza) 记忆口诀:**"ཀ་ག་ང། ཇ་ཉ། ཏ་ད་ན། བ་མ། ཙ་ཛ།"** — 共 11 个基字。 **第二步:书写顺序。** 先写基字 → 再在基字正上方写 ར。注意 ར 要**缩小**并居中。写完后整个组合是一个音节单位,不能分开读。 **第三步:加元音。** 元音符号标在**上加字的上面**,不是基字上。比如 རྐ + ི → རྐི (rki)。 **第四步:发音规则。** - 安多音:ར 读作清晰的 **r-** 前置辅音。例:རྟ → **rta**(马) - 卫藏音:上加字 ར 通常**不发音**,但会使基字读 **高调**。例:རྟ → **tá**(马,高调) - 康巴音:介于两者之间,有时读作轻短的 r- ### 全部 11 组组合 + 例词 | 组合 | 安多读音 | 例词 | 含义 | 安多发 | |------|---------|------|------|--------| | རྐ | rka | རྐང་པ། | 脚 / 腿 | rkangwa | | རྒ | rga | རྒྱ། | 广阔 / 汉地 | rgya | | རྔ | rnga | རྔ་མ། | 尾巴 | rngama | | རྗ | rja | རྗེ། | 领主 / 尊 | rje | | རྙ | rnya | རྙིང་པ། | 旧的 | rnyingwa | | རྟ | rta | རྟ། | 马 | rta | | རྡ | rda | རྡོ། | 石头 | rdo | | རྣ | rna | རྣམ་པ། | 形态 / 样子 | rnampa | | རྦ | rba | རྦ། | 波浪 | rba | | རྨ | rma | རྨ་ཁ། | 伤口 | rmakha | | རྩ | rtsa | རྩྭ། | 草 | rtsa | | རྫ | rdza | རྫོང་། | 宗 / 城堡 | rdzong | ### 常见错误 - ❌ 把 ར 写在基字下方 → 那是**下加字**,完全不同 - ❌ 把元音标在基字上 → 应该标在 ར 上方

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