Amdo Alphabet (安多字母)
Amdo dialect pronunciation guide — master the unique sounds of northeastern Tibetan
About Amdo Dialect
Amdo Tibetan is spoken in Qinghai, Gansu, and northern Sichuan. Unlike Ü-Tsang, Amdo preserves many ancient pronunciation features — consonants are more guttural, and syllable-final consonants are clearly pronounced.
Consonants (270)
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཀ
ka
/qa/
安多音中 ཀ 发音更靠后，接近 /qa/，类似汉语'嘎'但喉部更紧张
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཀ
ka
/ka/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/qʰa/
安多音中送气更强，喉部位置更深
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཁ
kha
/kʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ག
ga
/ɢa/
安多音中 ག 是浊音，声带振动明显，与卫藏的轻声不同
ག
ga
/ɡa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
安多音中 ང 鼻音更重，后鼻音特征显著
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ང
nga
/ŋa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tɕa/
安多音中 ཅ 为腭化的 /tɕ/，舌面前部抵上颚
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཅ
ca
/tʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཆ
cha
/tɕʰa/
安多音中 ཆ 送气腭音，气流从舌面与硬腭间冲出
ཆ
cha
/tʃʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʑa/
安多音中 ཇ 是浊腭音，声带振动，与卫藏音有差异
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཇ
ja
/dʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
安多音中 ཉ 为硬腭鼻音，舌尖抵下齿，舌面贴硬腭
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཉ
nya
/ɲa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/t̪a/
安多音中 ཏ 为齿音，舌尖抵上齿背，不卷舌
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཏ
ta
/ta/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/t̪ʰa/
安多音中 ཐ 送气齿音，与 ཏ 同部位但加送气
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཐ
tha
/tʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/d̪a/
安多音中 ད 是浊齿音，声带振动清晰
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ད
da
/da/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ན
na
/na/
安多音中 ན 舌尖抵上齿龈，鼻音清晰
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
པ
pa
/pa/
安多音中 པ 双唇闭合后爆破，发音干脆
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
པ
pa
/pa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
安多音中 ཕ 送气双唇音，气流较强
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཕ
pha
/pʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
བ
ba
/ba/
安多音中 བ 是浊双唇音，声带振动，气流弱于 ཕ
བ
ba
/ba/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
安多音中 མ 双唇鼻音，口腔完全闭合
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
མ
ma
/ma/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཙ
tsa
/tsa/
安多音中 ཙ 舌尖前塞擦，如汉语'杂'的声母
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
安多音中 ཚ 送气舌尖前塞擦音，气流从齿缝冲出
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཚ
tsha
/tsʰa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
安多音中 ཛ 是浊舌尖前塞擦音，声带振动
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཛ
dza
/dza/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
安多音中 ཝ 双唇圆唇近音，类似英语 w
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཝ
wa
/wa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʑa/
安多音中 ཞ 舌面前浊擦音，比汉语'r'更靠前
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཞ
zha
/ʒa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
安多音中 ཟ 舌尖前浊擦音，声带持续振动
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཟ
za
/za/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
འ
'a
/ɦa/
安多音中 འ 喉浊擦音，声门摩擦，声带振动
འ
'a
/ɦa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
安多音中 ཡ 硬腭近音，与汉语'y'相似
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཡ
ya
/ja/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
安多音中 ར 舌尖颤音或拍音，舌尖轻触上齿龈
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ར
ra
/ra/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ལ
la
/la/
安多音中 ལ 舌尖抵上齿龈，气流从舌侧出
ལ
la
/la/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཤ
sha
/ɕa/
安多音中 ཤ 舌面前清擦音，比汉语'x'更靠前
ཤ
sha
/ʃa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ས
sa
/sa/
安多音中 ས 舌尖前清擦音，气流从舌尖齿间穿过
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཧ
ha
/ha/
安多音中 ཧ 声门清擦音，声门打开气流通过
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཧ
ha
/ha/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
安多音中 ཨ 是元音载体，单独出现发 /a/，开口度较大
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
ཨ
a
/a/
Pronunciation in Amdo dialect
Superfixes (3)
ར
ra (superfix)
ར上加字在安多音中读作r-前置辅音，清晰可闻
ལ
la (superfix)
ལ上加字在安多音中读作l-前置辅音，清晰可闻
ས
sa (superfix)
ས上加字在安多音中读作s-前置辅音，清晰可闻
Subfixes (4)
ཡ
ya (subfix)
ཡ下加字在安多音中的发音说明见中文详情
ར
ra (subfix)
ར下加字在安多音中的发音说明见中文详情
ལ
la (subfix)
ལ下加字在安多音中的发音说明见中文详情
ཝ
wa (subfix)
ཝ下加字在安多音中的发音说明见中文详情